The World Flora Online

SELECTED REFERENCES Dickison, W. C. 1993. Floral anatomy of the Styracaceae, including observations on intra-ovarian trichomes. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 112: 223-255. Dickison, W. C. and K. D. Phend. 1985. Wood anatomy of the Styracaceae: Evolutionary and ecological considerations. I.A.W.A. Bull., N.S. 6: 3-22. Fritsch, P. W. 2004. Styracaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 7+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 6, pp. 434-442. Fritsch, P. W., C. M. Morton, Chen T., and C. Meldrum. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Styracaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 162: S95-S116. Miers, J. 1859. On the natural order Styraceae, as distinguished from the Symplocaceae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 3: 394-404. Morton, C. M. and W. C. Dickison. 1992. Comparative pollen morphology of the Styracaceae. Grana 31: 1-15. Perkins, J. R. 1928. Übersicht über die Gattungen der Styracaceae sowie Zusammenstellung der Abbildungen und der Literatur über die Arten dieser Familie bis zum Jahre 1928.... Leipzig. Schadel, W. E. and W. C. Dickison. 1979. Leaf anatomy and venation patterns of the Styracaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 60: 8-37. Spongberg, S. A. 1976b. Styracaceae hardy in temperate North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 57: 55-73. Wood, C. E. Jr. and R. B. Channell. 1960. The genera of the Ebenales in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 41: 1-35.

Shrubs or trees, deciduous [evergreen], hairs stellate [scales]. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules absent; petiole present; blade margins serrate or entire, rarely also lobed. Inflorescences false-terminal and/or axillary racemes or panicles, sometimes solitary flowers. Flowers bisexual [plants gynodioecious]; perianth and androecium perigynous to epigynous; hypanthium adnate to ovary wall at various levels; sepals (2-)4-5(-9) [absent], distinct or connate, sometimes forming tube with or without minute apical teeth; petals 4-5(-8), connate proximally; stamens usually 2(-4) times [equaling] number of corolla lobes, adnate to corolla at base only or to 1/2 length of corolla, uniseriate in appearance; anthers dehiscent by longitudinal slits; pistils 1, 2-4[-5]-carpellate; ovary partly or completely inferior, proximally 2-4[-5]-septate, 1-locular by distal attenuation of septa; placentation axile [near basal]; ovules anatropous, uni- or bitegmic, tenuinucellate; styles 1, simple [3-parted]; stigmas 1, terminal, truncate or minutely 2-4[-5]-lobed. Fruits capsular, dehiscence loculicidal, or nutlike (dry and indehiscent), sometimes winged, [drupaceous]. Seeds 1-4[-ca. 50], brown, ellipsoid to globose or fusiform [flat, winged]; embryo straight or slightly curved; endosperm copious, cellular, oily.

Trees and shrubs, often with stellate or lepidote indumentum Fruit drupaceous or capsular, calyx persistent Flowers actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, racemose, axillary or terminal Seed with copious endosperm and straight or slightly curved embryo Leaves alternate, stipules absent Corolla gamopetalous or rarely of free petals, lobes 4-7, valvate or imbricate Ovary superior to inferior, 1-5-celled; style slender, 3-5-lobed; ovules 1 to many in each cell, axile, anatropous Calyx tubular, more or less adnate to the ovary; lobes or teeth valvate or open Stamens equal and alternate with or double the number of the corolla-lobes, adnate to the corolla-tube or rarely free; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise Fruit drupaceous or capsular, calyx persistent Flowers actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, racemose, axillary or terminal Seed with copious endosperm and straight or slightly curved embryo Leaves alternate, stipules absent Corolla gamopetalous or rarely of free petals, lobes 4-7, valvate or imbricate Ovary superior to inferior, 1-5-celled; style slender, 3-5-lobed; ovules 1 to many in each cell, axile, anatropous Calyx tubular, more or less adnate to the ovary; lobes or teeth valvate or open Stamens equal and alternate with or double the number of the corolla-lobes, adnate to the corolla-tube or rarely free; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise

Fls regular, perfect, sympetalous, hypogynous to epigynous, 4–5-merous; cal in our spp. adherent to the ovary, its lobes short; stamens mostly twice as many as the cor-lobes, all in one series, with linear anthers; ovary 3–6-locular, with 1–many (mostly 4–6) ovules per locule, the placentation axile; style 1; fr mostly dry; seeds with abundant, oily endosperm; cotyledons broad; trees or shrubs, stellate-hairy to glabrous, with simple, alternate, exstipulate lvs. 10/150.

Trees or shrubs, usually stellate pubescent or scaly, rarely glabrous. Leaves usually alternate, simple; stipules absent or very minute. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemes, panicles, or cymes, rarely 1-flowered or several flowers in a fascicle; bracteoles minute or absent. Flowers bisexual, rarely polygamous dioecious, actinomorphic. Calyx campanulate, obconical, or cup-shaped; tube completely or partially adnate to ovary; teeth or lobes 4 or 5(or 6), sometimes very small or obsolete. Corolla mostly white, gamopetalous; lobes (4 or)5(--7), basally ± connate, rarely free, imbricate or valvate, rarely slightly induplicate. Stamens twice, sometimes equal in number to corolla lobes, inserted at base of corolla; filaments mostly flattened, basally partially or completely connate into a tube; anthers introrse, 2-locular, locules parallel and opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, half inferior, or inferior, 3--5-locular or apically 1-locular and basally 3--5-locular; ovules few or solitary in each locule, erect, pendulous, or anatropous, integument 1 or 2, placentation axile or parietal. Style slender, linear or subulate; stigma truncate, capitate or 2--5-lobed. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule, exocarp fleshy to dry. Seeds sometimes winged, often with a broad hilum; embryo straight or slightly curved; endosperm copious; cotyledons flattened or subterete.