The World Flora Online

SELECTED REFERENCES Fisher, M. J. 1928. The morphology and anatomy of the flowers of the Salicaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 15: 307-326, 372-395. Floderus, B. G. O. 1923. Om Grönlands salices. (On the Salicaceae of Greenland.) Meddel. Grønland 63: 61-204. Judd, W. S. 1997b. The Flacourtiaceae in the southeastern United States. Harvard Pap. Bot. 10: 65-79. Leskinen, E. and C. Alström-Rapaport. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of Salicaceae and closely related Flacourtiaceae: Evidence from 5.8 S, ITS 1 and ITS 2 of the rDNA. Pl. Syst. Evol. 215: 209-227.

Shrubs or trees, heterophyllous or not, sometimes clonal, forming clones by root shoots, rhizomes, layering, or stem fragmentation; glabrous or glabrescent to pubescent; branching monopodial or sympodial. Stems erect to pendent; branched. Leaves persistent, deciduous or marcescent, alternate (opposite or subopposite in Salix purpurea), spirally arranged, simple; stipules present or not; petiole present; blade margins toothed or entire, sometimes glandular. Peduncles present or absent. Inflorescences racemose or spicate, usually catkins, unbranched, sometimes fasciculate or racemelike cymes, flowering before or as leaves emerge or year-round; floral bract (1) subtending each flower, displaced onto pedicel or distinct, scalelike, apex entire, toothed, or laciniate; bract subtending pistillate flower deciduous or persistent. Pedicels present or absent. Flowers usually unisexual, sometimes bisexual, usually staminate and pistillate on different plants; sepals present or absent, or perianth modified into 1 or 2 nectaries, or a non-nectariferous disc; stamens 1-60(-70); filaments distinct or connate basally, slender; anthers longitudinally dehiscent; ovary 1, 2-7[-10]-carpellate, 1-7[-10]-locular; placentation usually parietal, sometimes axile on intruded, fused placentae; ovules 1-25 per ovary; style 1 per carpel, distinct or connate; stigmas 2-4, truncate, notched-capitate, or 2- or 3-lobed. Fruits capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds sometimes surrounded by arillate coma of relatively long, silky hairs; endosperm scant or absent.

Arbres'ou arbustes, parfois très petits et rampants, dioïques, exceptionnellement monoïques.'Feuilles'alternes, très rarement opposées, simples, entières à dentées ou lobées, caduques ; stipules libres, étroites et caduques ou foliacées et persistantes, parfois nulles. Inflorescences axillaires ou terminales, en épis (chatons) multiflores, pendants ou dressés, paraissant avant ou en même temps que les feuilles; bractées présentes.'Fleurs'à périanthe nul, à 1-2 glandes nectarifères (rarement plus) ou à disque glandulaire cupuliforme.'Fleurs'♂ à 2-30 étamines; filets libres ou ± unis; anthères basifixes, biloculaires, à déhiscence longitudinale; rudiment d'ovaire nul.'Fleurs'♀ à ovaire uniloculaire, sessile ou stipité; carpelles 2(3-4), soudés; styles 1-2, courts ou nuls; stigmates 2(3-4); placentation pariétale; ovules 2-∞, anatropes.'Capsules'septicides, à 2(3-4) valves.'Graines petites, généralement nombreuses, munies d'une collerette basilaire formée de longs poils soyeux provenant du funicule; embryon droit; albumen nul.\n\t\t\tFamille subcosmopolite, mais représentée principalement dans les régions tempérées boréales et arctiques, comptant 3 genres et environ 530 espèces; 1 genre et 1 espèce au Congo.

Trees or shrubs Leaves alternate, simple, deciduous; stipules small or foliaceous Flowers unisexual, dioecious, densely arranged in erect or pendulous catkins often appearing before the leaves; bracts membranous, each subtending a flower Calyx absent or represented by a cupular disk or 2 glandular scales Male flowers: stamens 2 or more, free or united; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise Female flowers: ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, 1-celled, with 2–4 parietal placentas; style 2–4-fid Ovules numerous, ascending Fruit a 2–4-valved capsule Seeds small, with numerous fine hairs arising from the funicle and enveloping the seed; endosperm none; embryo straight Leaves alternate, simple, deciduous; stipules small or foliaceous Flowers unisexual, dioecious, densely arranged in erect or pendulous catkins often appearing before the leaves; bracts membranous, each subtending a flower Calyx absent or represented by a cupular disk or 2 glandular scales Male flowers: stamens 2 or more, free or united; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise Female flowers: ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, 1-celled, with 2–4 parietal placentas; style 2–4-fid Ovules numerous, ascending Fruit a 2–4-valved capsule Seeds small, with numerous fine hairs arising from the funicle and enveloping the seed; endosperm none; embryo straight

Seeds numerous, very small, with a large tuft of long hairs arising from the funicle; embryo straight; endosperm absent Fruit a capsule, dehiscing longitudinally into 2–4 valves Female flower: ovary 1-locular with 2–4 parietal placentas, ovules numerous, style 2–4-fid Dioecious trees or shrubs Leaves alternate, deciduous; stipules small or foliaceous, usually deciduous Flowers grouped into unisexual catkins, often appearing before the leaves; each flower subtended by a bract; perianth absent; disk present, often forming one or more fleshy glands Male flower with 2-many stamens, filaments filiform, free or united, anthers 2-thecous, dehiscing longitudinally Fruit a capsule, dehiscing longitudinally into 2–4 valves Female flower: ovary 1-locular with 2–4 parietal placentas, ovules numerous, style 2–4-fid Dioecious trees or shrubs Leaves alternate, deciduous; stipules small or foliaceous, usually deciduous Flowers grouped into unisexual catkins, often appearing before the leaves; each flower subtended by a bract; perianth absent; disk present, often forming one or more fleshy glands Male flower with 2-many stamens, filaments filiform, free or united, anthers 2-thecous, dehiscing longitudinally

Dioecious; fls in catkins (aments), without perianth, each fl subtended by a small bract (commonly called a scale) and either provided with one or 2 enlarged basal glands (Salix) or subtended by an obliquely cup-shaped disk (Populus); staminate fls consisting of (1)2–many stamens; pistillate fls consisting of a single unilocular ovary with 2–4 carpels and as many stigmas, the stigmas sometimes bifid or otherwise cleft, with or without a common style; placentation parietal or sometimes basal; fruit a 2–4-valved capsule; seeds usually ± numerous, small, without endosperm, covered with long white hairs and adapted to distribution by wind; trees or shrubs, typically fl in early spring; lvs alternate, simple, entire or toothed, usually stipulate, but the stipules often deciduous. 2/300+, widespread.

Trees or shrubs, deciduous or rarely evergreen, dioecious, rarely polygamous. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, usually petiolate, simple; stipules persistent or caducous. Catkins erect or pendulous; each flower usually with a cupular disc or 1 or 2(or 3) nectariferous glands. Male flowers with 2-many stamens; filaments filiform, free or united; to connate; anthers 2(or 4)-loculed, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers with 1 pistil, sessile or stipitate; ovary superior, 1- or 2-loculed; ovules several to many, anatropous, with a 1 integument; style 1, 2 in Chosenia; stigmas 2-4. Capsule dehiscing by 2-4(or 5) valves; placenta and inside wall of ovary with long hairs. Seeds 4-numerous, glabrous; hairs and seeds simultaneously deciduous when capsule matures.

Leaves alternate; stipules small or foliaceous, usually deciduous Dioecious trees or shrubs Fruit a capsule, dehiscing longitudinally into 2–4 valves Female flower with 1-locular ovary, 2–4 parietal placentas and numerous ovules; style 2–4-fid Male flower with 2–many stamens; filaments filiform, free or united; anthers 2-thecous, dehiscing longitudinally Flowers grouped into unisexual catkins, often appearing before leaves; each flower subtended by a bract; perianth absent; disc present, often forming one or more fleshy glands Seeds numerous, very small, with large tuft of long hairs arising from funicle; embryo straight; endosperm absent Dioecious trees or shrubs Fruit a capsule, dehiscing longitudinally into 2–4 valves Female flower with 1-locular ovary, 2–4 parietal placentas and numerous ovules; style 2–4-fid Male flower with 2–many stamens; filaments filiform, free or united; anthers 2-thecous, dehiscing longitudinally Flowers grouped into unisexual catkins, often appearing before leaves; each flower subtended by a bract; perianth absent; disc present, often forming one or more fleshy glands Seeds numerous, very small, with large tuft of long hairs arising from funicle; embryo straight; endosperm absent