The World Flora Online

SELECTED REFERENCES

Behnke, H.-D., C. Chang, I. J. Eifert, and T. J. Mabry. 1974. Betalains and P-type sieve-tube plastids in Petiveria and Agdestis (Phytolaccaceae). Taxon 23: 541-542. Brown, G. K. and G. S. Varadarajan. 1985. Studies in Caryophyllales I: Re-evaluation of classification of Phytolaccaceae s.l. Syst. Bot. 10: 49-63. Heimerl, A. 1934. Phytolaccaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien..., ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 16c, pp. 135-164. Nowicke, J. W. 1968. Palynotaxonomic study of the Phytolaccaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 55: 294-364. Rogers, G. K. 1985. The genera of Phytolaccaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 1-37. Thieret, J. W. 1966b. Seeds of some United States Phytolaccaceae and Aizoaceae. Sida 2: 352-360. Walter, H. P. H. 1906. Die Diagramme der Phytolaccaceen. Leipzig. [Preprinted from Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37(suppl.): 1-57.] Walter, H. P. H. 1909. Phytolaccaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900-1953. Das Pflanzenreich.... 107 vols. Berlin. Vol. 39[IV,83], pp. 1-154. Wilson, P. 1932. Petiveriaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 21, pp. 257-266.

Herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, trees, or vines, annual or perennial. Leaves alternate, opposite, or appearing whorled; stipules minute or absent; blade pinnately veined, margins entire, often undulate. Inflorescences axillary, terminal, or leaf-opposed spikes, racemes, panicles, or compound dichasia; bract 1; bracteoles 2. Flowers hypogynous (epigynous in Agdestis), radially symmetric; sepals usually persistent, 4-8, imbricate in bud, often unequal; petals absent; stamens 4-30[-100], sometimes borne in 1-2 whorls on hypogynous disk; gynoecium 1-12[-18]-carpellate, the carpels connate or distinct; ovaries superior (inferior in Agdestis), 1-12[-18]-locular; placentation basal; ovules 1 per locule; styles distinct (connate in Agdestis). Fruits achenes, berries, or cypselas. Seeds: perisperm present; embryo curved. x = 9.

Herbes dressées ou grimpantes, arbustes, arbres et lianes. Feuilles alternes, simples, entières à stipules généralement nulles ou rudimentaires. Inflorescences en racèmes quelquefois spiciformes , simples ou composés, terminaux ou axillaires; bractées petites, tôt caduques. Fleurs hermaphrodites ou unisexuées, munies de 2 bractéoles petites, persistantes. Périanthe simple , herbacé ou coriace, quelquefois coloré en jaune ou rouge. Tépales 4-5, persistants, à préfloraison imbriquée, égaux ou non, libres ou 3 soudés. Étamines 3 ou très nombreuses, généralement insérées sur un disque hypogyne, disposées en un ou plusieurs verticilles; filets entièrement libres ou un peu soudés à la base; anthères 2-loculaires, introrses, basi ou dorsifixes, à dehiscence longitudinale. Ovaire supère, formé d'un ou plusieurs carpelles libres ou soudés, à un seul ovule dans chaque carpelle, campylotrope, à micropyle infère et extrorse, basilaire; styles en même nombre que les carpelles, courts, quelquefois nuls. Fruit sec ou charnu, monocarpellé ou polycarpellé, formé de carpelles libres ou soudés. Graine dressée; embryon périphérique, recourbé autour de l'albumen farineux.

Plantes'herbacées ou ligneuses, parfois monoïques ou dioïques, généralement glabres.'Tiges'parfois grimpantes ou rampantes.'Feuilles'alternes, simples, entières, généralement dépourvues de stipules, renfermant souvent des cristaux d'oxalate de calcium.'Inflorescences'en grappes simples ou composées, parfois spiciformes, terminales ou axillaires; bractées et bractéoles petites, rarement absentes.'Fleurs'☿ ou ♂♀, les unisexuées contenant presque toujours des vestiges des organes avortés, petites, généralement actinomorphes; périgone généralement simple, herbacé, membraneux ou coriace, rarement coloré, à 4-5 tépales (rarement plus), égaux ou non, entièrement ou partiellement libres, imbriqués, persistant généralement à l'état fructifère, rarement pétales et sépales; étamines (3) 4-∞, généralement insérées sur un disque, rarement périgynes, disposées en 1 ou plusieurs verticilles; filets filiformes ou subulés, libres ou un peu soudés à la base; anthères introrses, 2-loculaires, basi- ou dorsifixes, à déhiscence longitudinale; disque hypogyne, annulaire, parfois absent; ovaire généralement supère, à 1-∞ carpelles libres ou soudés, 1-ovules; styles courts, en même nombre que les carpelles, libres ou rarement soudés, parfois nuls; stigmates papilleux, capités ou pénicillés; ovules campylotropes, à 2 téguments et micropyle infère généralement ex-trorse, insérés à la base ou à l'angle supérieur des loges, à funicule court et épais.'Fruit'à 1-plusieurs carpelles libres ou soudés, coriace ou crustacé, samariforme ou bacciforme, sec ou charnu.'Graine subglobuleuse, lenticulaire ou réniforme, souvent comprimée, dressée, à testa généralement crustacé; arille petit ou nul; embryon courbé entourant l'albumen farineux ou charnu; cotylédons foliacés ou subcylindriques; radicule proche du hile.\n\t\t\tDix-sept genres, surtout américains, comptant une centaines d'espèces. Certaines espèces ont des organes saponifères (racine, fruit); d'autres contiennent des toxines utilisées comme remèdes; beaucoup de jeunes pousses sont consommées comme légume; plusieurs espèces ont une odeur d'ail.

Seed erect, with the large embryo in the periphery and enclosing the endosperm Ovary superior, composed of 1 or several carpels either free or variously connate; style almost none or short; ovule solitary in each carpel, basal Fruit of 1 or many carpels, fleshy or dry Petals absent Stamens 3 to many, often inserted on a hypogynous disk; filaments free or slightly connate at the base; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel and dehiscing longitudinally Perianth simple, herbaceous or coriaceous Sepals free or some connate, imbricate, equal or unequal Leaves alternate, entire; stipules absent or minute Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, actinomorphic or nearly so, hypogynous, in simple or compound terminal or axillary racemes Herbs, shrubs or trees Ovary superior, composed of 1 or several carpels either free or variously connate; style almost none or short; ovule solitary in each carpel, basal Fruit of 1 or many carpels, fleshy or dry Petals absent Stamens 3 to many, often inserted on a hypogynous disk; filaments free or slightly connate at the base; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel and dehiscing longitudinally Perianth simple, herbaceous or coriaceous Sepals free or some connate, imbricate, equal or unequal Leaves alternate, entire; stipules absent or minute Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, actinomorphic or nearly so, hypogynous, in simple or compound terminal or axillary racemes Herbs, shrubs or trees

Leaves simple, alternate, entire, petiolate to sessile, crystals often visible especially on younger leaves Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes scrambling Inflorescences terminal or axillary, spicate, racemose or paniculate Stipules absent (in the Flora Zambesiaca area), minute or thorny Fruit of 1-many, free or connate carpels, fleshy or dry, sometimes winged; seed subglobose, discoidal or reniform, often compressed; testa membranous or brittle; endosperm present Ovary usually superior, composed of 1-many free or connate carpels; ovule basal, solitary in each carpel; styles absent or same number as carpels, free or united at base; stigmas linear or capitate Stamens (3) 4-many, 1–2-seriate, often inserted on more or less fleshy, annular disk, irregularly arranged or alternate to sepals; filaments slender, free or connate at base; anthers dorsi-or basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally Petals absent Sepals 4–5, free or connate towards base, imbricate Flowers bracteate and bracteolate, hermaphrodite or unisexual (then usually with rudimentary aborted organs), usually actinomorphic Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes scrambling Inflorescences terminal or axillary, spicate, racemose or paniculate Stipules absent (in the Flora Zambesiaca area), minute or thorny Fruit of 1-many, free or connate carpels, fleshy or dry, sometimes winged; seed subglobose, discoidal or reniform, often compressed; testa membranous or brittle; endosperm present Ovary usually superior, composed of 1-many free or connate carpels; ovule basal, solitary in each carpel; styles absent or same number as carpels, free or united at base; stigmas linear or capitate Stamens (3) 4-many, 1–2-seriate, often inserted on more or less fleshy, annular disk, irregularly arranged or alternate to sepals; filaments slender, free or connate at base; anthers dorsi-or basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally Petals absent Sepals 4–5, free or connate towards base, imbricate Flowers bracteate and bracteolate, hermaphrodite or unisexual (then usually with rudimentary aborted organs), usually actinomorphic

Fls rather small, perfect or sometimes unisexual, regular, hypogynous; sep 4 or 5; pet generally none; stamens typically twice as many as the sep, sometimes fewer or more numerous; gynoecium of 1–several carpels, these separate or ± connate into a ring, each with a single ovule, style, and stigma; seeds with peripheral, dicotyledonous embryo curved around a ± abundant perisperm; herbs or sometimes woody plants (then with anomalous secondary growth), with alternate, entire lvs, producing betalains but not anthocyanins, the fls most commonly in racemes or spikes. 18/125.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, erect, rarely scandent, mostly glabrous, rarely dioecious. Leaves simple, alternate, entire; stipules absent or tiny. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, or leaf-opposed, racemose, cymose, panicled, or spicate. Flowers small, bisexual or rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic. Tepals 4 or 5, persistent, free or connate at base, equal or unequal, imbricate in bud, green or sometimes other colored. Stamens 4 to many, inserted on a fleshy disk; filaments usually persistent, free or slightly connate at base; anthers 2-loculed, dorsifixed, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, globose; carpels 1 to many, free or connate; ovule solitary in each carpel, basal, campylotropous. Styles persistent, short or absent, erect or curved, as many as carpels. Fruit fleshy, a berry or drupe, rarely a capsule. Seeds reniform or oblate, small; testa membranous or hard and fragile, smooth or wrinkly; embryo large, curved, surrounding copious mealy endosperm.

Petals generally absent (present only in Stegnosperma) Stamens (3–)4–many in 1–several whorls, when definite alternate with the sepals, usually inserted on a ± fleshy disk; filaments free or united at the base; anthers 2-thecous, dehiscing lengthwise Ovary superior or rarely semi-inferior, of 1–many free or united 1-ovulate carpels; styles as many as the carpels, free or connate at the base, short, sometimes lacking; stigmas linear or capitate; ovule basal, shortly stalked, campylotropous Fruit of 1–numerous free or united carpels, fleshy or dry, sometimes winged Stipules generally lacking Inflorescences racemose, spicate or paniculate, terminal, lateral or axillary; bracts and paired bracteoles small Flowers small, hermaphrodite or ?and ? (then rudiments at least of aborted organs still present), usually regular Sepals 4–5 (rarely more), free or partially united, imbricate, usually persistent, sometimes brightly coloured Woody or herbaceous, erect or scrambling Leaves alternate, simple, entire, pinnately nerved, with crystals generally easily visible in the younger leaves Seed subglobose, discoidal or reniform, with a membranous or brittle testa, occasionally arillate; embryo annular, surrounding the endosperm Stamens (3–)4–many in 1–several whorls, when definite alternate with the sepals, usually inserted on a ± fleshy disk; filaments free or united at the base; anthers 2-thecous, dehiscing lengthwise Ovary superior or rarely semi-inferior, of 1–many free or united 1-ovulate carpels; styles as many as the carpels, free or connate at the base, short, sometimes lacking; stigmas linear or capitate; ovule basal, shortly stalked, campylotropous Fruit of 1–numerous free or united carpels, fleshy or dry, sometimes winged Stipules generally lacking Inflorescences racemose, spicate or paniculate, terminal, lateral or axillary; bracts and paired bracteoles small Flowers small, hermaphrodite or ?and ? (then rudiments at least of aborted organs still present), usually regular Sepals 4–5 (rarely more), free or partially united, imbricate, usually persistent, sometimes brightly coloured Woody or herbaceous, erect or scrambling Leaves alternate, simple, entire, pinnately nerved, with crystals generally easily visible in the younger leaves Seed subglobose, discoidal or reniform, with a membranous or brittle testa, occasionally arillate; embryo annular, surrounding the endosperm