The World Flora Online

SELECTED REFERENCES Anderson, W. R. 2004. Malpighiaceae. In: N. P. Smith et al., eds. 2004. Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. Princeton. Pp. 229–232. Anderson, W. R. 2013. Origins of Mexican Malpighiaceae. Acta Bot. Mex. 104: 107–156. Davis, C. C. and W. R. Anderson. 2010. A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology. Amer. J. Bot. 97: 2031–2048. Niedenzu, F. 1928. Malpighiaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900–1953. Das Pflanzenreich.... 107 vols. Berlin. Vols. 91, 93, 94[IV,141], pp. 1–870.

Herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, vines (twining, woody to herbaceous), or trees, perennial, evergreen or deciduous, synoecious [dioecious or functionally dioecious]; hairs unicellular, usually 2-armed and medifixed or submedifixed [basifixed or stellate]. Leaves opposite [whorled, subopposite, or alternate], simple; stipules present [absent]; petiole present [absent]; blade margins usually entire [lobed], sometimes pseudodentate [ciliate at location of marginal glands or with stout bristlelike hairs], often bearing multicellular glands on margin or abaxial [adaxial] surface; venation pinnate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemes, panicles, umbels, corymbs, or thyrses, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual [rarely unisexual], radially or bilaterally symmetric, mostly all chasmogamous, sometimes both chasmogamous and cleistogamous; perianth and androecium hypogynous [perigynous]; hypanthium absent [present]; sepals 5, distinct or connate basally, usually glandular, sometimes eglandular; petals (in chasmogamous flowers) 5, posterior (flag) petal often different from lateral 4, distinct, mostly clawed; nectary absent; stamens (in chasmogamous flowers) (2–5)[6–]10[–20], distinct or connate proximally, free; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits [apical or subapical pores or very short slits]; pistil 1, (2–)3-carpellate, carpels nearly distinct to completely connate in ovary [connate throughout], ovary superior, (2–)3-locular, placentation apical; ovule 1 per locule, anatropous; styles (in chasmogamous flowers) (1–)3 (usually as many as carpels but sometimes fewer by reduction [or connation]), distinct [partially to completely connate]; stigmas 1–3 (1 per style). Fruits drupes or schizocarps splitting into mericarps, mericarps nutlets, thin-walled cocci, or bearing wings [or vascularized setae] [berries or dry and indehiscent]. Seeds 1 per locule or mericarp.

Arbres ou arbustes parfois lianescents ou vraies lianes , vêtus de poils unicellulaires médifixes. Feuilles simples et entières, alternes, opposées ou verticillées par 3, pétiolées, avec généralement plusieurs glandes à la base du limbe ou sur le pétiole. Stipules présentes ou non. Inflorescences multiflores, axillaires ou terminales, du type racéme (rarement fleur solitaire); bractées et bractéoles présentes. Fleurs actinomorphes ou zygomorphes, bisexuées (genres africains), parfois fleurs polygames. Sépales 5, persistants, libres ou soudés à la base, souvent pourvus dorsalement de glandes. Pétales 5, imbriqués, libres, le plus souvent onguiculés, entiers, ciliés, dentés ou fimbriés. Étamines 10, obdiplostémones (parfois 10-15 ou moins par avortement); filets souvent soudés à la base; anthères biloculaires, introrses, à déhiscence longitudinale. Ovaire supère, 3-loculaire (rarement 2-4-5 loges), 3-lobé; placentation axile, 1 ovule pendant par loge. Styles généralement 3, libres; stigmates terminaux, entiers. Fruits composés de samares à 1 ou plusieurs ailes ou crêtes; rarement capsule déhiscente. Graines à embryon droit, sans albumen.

Arbres , arbustes, sous-arbustes, souvent lianes, généralement pourvus de poils médifixes.'Feuilles'généralement opposées, rarement alternes, parfois verticillées, simples et généralement entières, pétiolées, rarement sessiles, souvent munies de glandes sur la face inférieure ou le pétiole; stipules parfois présentes, inter- ou intrapétiolaires, petites, foliacées ou absentes; nervures latérales pennées.'Inflorescences'terminales, axillaires, rarement fleurs solitaires, en racèmes, corymbes ou ombelles, ou formant des panicules; bractées et bractéoles présentes.'Fleurs'☿, rarement ♂♀ et alors cleistogames et apétales; bractéoles 2, parfois munies à la base d'une glande; calice à préfloraison imbriquée, rarement valvaire, muni sur la face externe de 1-10 glandes ou sans glandes; sépales (3)5, libres ou ± soudés à la base; pétales 5, libres, généralement onguiculés, ± inégaux et ± dissemblables, à limbe plan ou concave, entier ou ± dentés-fimbriés; étamines 10, obdiplostémones, rarement 11-15 ou moins par avortement, parfois staminodiales; filets ± connés à la base; anthères à 2 loges à dehiscence longitudinale, parfois appendiculées au sommet; ovaire supère, généralement formé de (2)3(4) carpelles ± coalescents, rarement soudés en 1 ovaire 3-loculaire, parfois ailés ou à 1-3-5-7 côtes ou crêtes; 1 ovule par loge, pendant; funicule large; styles 3, parfois par avortement 2 ou 1, généralement libres, parfois partiellement connés; stigmates terminaux ou sublatéraux.'Fruits'généralement à (2)3(4) méricarpes samaroïdes, chacun à 1 ou plusieurs ailes ou crêtes, ou capsules déhiscentes.'Graines exalbumiiiées; cotylédons plats ou épais, souvent inégaux.\n\t\t\tFamille pantropicale, groupant ± 56 genres et ± 800 espèces, surtout d'Amérique tropicale; au Congo belge, 5 genres, 15 espèces, 1 variété et 1 forme.

Petals 5, clawed Disk small Stamens 10, hypogynous; filaments free or connate at the base; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise Carpels usually 3, free or connate into a 3-celled ovary; cells 1-ovuled; styles usually separate and spreading Fruiting carpels mostly winged or carpels connate into a fleshy or woody drupe Seeds without endosperm and with straight, curved or uncinate, rarely circinate embryo Trees, shrubs or climbers, usually clothed with appressed medifixed hairs Sepals 5, imbricate or rarely valvate, often biglandular outside Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, simple; a pair of glands often present at the base of the blade; stipules present or absent, sometimes connate Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, actinomorphic Disk small Stamens 10, hypogynous; filaments free or connate at the base; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise Carpels usually 3, free or connate into a 3-celled ovary; cells 1-ovuled; styles usually separate and spreading Fruiting carpels mostly winged or carpels connate into a fleshy or woody drupe Seeds without endosperm and with straight, curved or uncinate, rarely circinate embryo Trees, shrubs or climbers, usually clothed with appressed medifixed hairs Sepals 5, imbricate or rarely valvate, often biglandular outside Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, simple; a pair of glands often present at the base of the blade; stipules present or absent, sometimes connate Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, actinomorphic

Mostly woody climbers, sometimes shrubs or small trees, with unicellular appressed (sometimes V-shaped) medifixed ± stiff hairs Leaves opposite, ternate or alternate, simple and entire, often with glands near the base of the lamina or on the petiole; stipules present or absent Inflorescence terminal or axillary, usually many-flowered and racemose (or more rarely flowers solitary); bracts and bracteoles present Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, bisexual (in African genera) Petals 5, frequently unguiculate, free, imbricate, entire or with fringed or dentate margin Sepals 5, free or connate at the base, persistent, often with dorsal glands Ovary superior, syncarpous, 3 (rarely 2, 4, or 5) -locular and -lobed, with 1 pendulous axile ovule in each loculus; styles as many as the carpels, with usually entire stigmas Stamens 10, obdiplostemonous, with filaments often connate at the base; anthers dehiscing longitudinally, introrse, basifixed or dorsifixed, 2-thecous Seeds with a large usually straight embryo, without endosperm Fruit a schizocarp, usually winged (samara), rarely a fleshy drupe Leaves opposite, ternate or alternate, simple and entire, often with glands near the base of the lamina or on the petiole; stipules present or absent Inflorescence terminal or axillary, usually many-flowered and racemose (or more rarely flowers solitary); bracts and bracteoles present Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, bisexual (in African genera) Petals 5, frequently unguiculate, free, imbricate, entire or with fringed or dentate margin Sepals 5, free or connate at the base, persistent, often with dorsal glands Ovary superior, syncarpous, 3 (rarely 2, 4, or 5) -locular and -lobed, with 1 pendulous axile ovule in each loculus; styles as many as the carpels, with usually entire stigmas Stamens 10, obdiplostemonous, with filaments often connate at the base; anthers dehiscing longitudinally, introrse, basifixed or dorsifixed, 2-thecous Seeds with a large usually straight embryo, without endosperm Fruit a schizocarp, usually winged (samara), rarely a fleshy drupe

Shrubs, small trees, or woody lianas, pubescence a mix of medifixed (T-shaped) and simple hairs, monoecious or andro-dioecious. Leaves usually opposite, rarely alternate or 3-whorled, petiolate, simple, entire, glands often present either on petiole or on lower surface of leaves; stipules free and deciduous, or connate and ± persistent, sometimes reduced or absent. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemose, corymbose or umbellate, solitary or in panicles; pedicels articulate, 2-bracteolate at point of attachment. Flowers bisexual or staminate (in Ryssopterys), actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Sepals 5, polysepalous or gamosepalous, imbricate, rarely valvate, one or more large glandular at bases of outside members, rarely eglandular. Petals 5, typically clawed, margin ciliate, dentate or fimbriate. Disk inconspicuous. Stamens 10, obdiplostemonous, sometimes diadelphous with one stamen distinctly larger than others; filaments usually connate at base; anthers introrse, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 3-locular, placenta axile, 1-ovuled, pendulous and semianatropous in each locule; styles 3, or connate into 1, persistent. Fruit a schizocarp, carpels 3 or fewer, 1 seed per carpel; schizocarp splitting into winged samaras, indehiscent. Seed embryo large, erect or rarely curved; endosperm lacking.

Ovary superior, syncarpous, 3(rarely 2, 4, or 5)-locular and -lobed, with 1 pendulous axile ovule in each locule; styles as many as the carpels with usually entire stigmas Fruit a schizocarp, usually winged (samara), rarely a fleshy drupe Seeds with a large usually straight embryo, without endosperm Stamens 10, with those of the outer series opposite the petals; filaments often connate at the base; anthers dehiscing longitudinally, introrse, basifixed or dorsifixed, 2-thecous Sepals 5, free or connate at the base, persistent, often with glands outside Petals 5, frequently clawed, free, imbricate, entire or with fringed or dentate margins Inflorescence terminal or axillary, usually many-flowered and racemose (or more rarely flowers solitary); bracts and bracteoles present Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, bisexual (in African genera) Mostly woody climbers, sometimes shrubs or small trees, with unicellular appressed (sometimes fork-shaped) medifixed ± stiff hairs Leaves opposite, ternate or alternate, simple and entire, often with glands near the base of the lamina or on the petiole; stipules present or absent Fruit a schizocarp, usually winged (samara), rarely a fleshy drupe Seeds with a large usually straight embryo, without endosperm Stamens 10, with those of the outer series opposite the petals; filaments often connate at the base; anthers dehiscing longitudinally, introrse, basifixed or dorsifixed, 2-thecous Sepals 5, free or connate at the base, persistent, often with glands outside Petals 5, frequently clawed, free, imbricate, entire or with fringed or dentate margins Inflorescence terminal or axillary, usually many-flowered and racemose (or more rarely flowers solitary); bracts and bracteoles present Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, bisexual (in African genera) Mostly woody climbers, sometimes shrubs or small trees, with unicellular appressed (sometimes fork-shaped) medifixed ± stiff hairs Leaves opposite, ternate or alternate, simple and entire, often with glands near the base of the lamina or on the petiole; stipules present or absent