The World Flora Online

SELECTED REFERENCES

Ambrose, J. D. 1975. Comparative Anatomy and Morphology of the Melanthioideae (Liliaceae). Ph.D. dissertation. Cornell University. Ambrose, J. D. 1980. A re-evaluation of the Melanthioideae (Liliaceae) using numerical analyses. In: C. D. Brickell et al., eds. 1980. Petaloid Monocotyledons: Horticultural and Botanical Research. London and New York. Pp. 65–81. Badawi, A. and Z. Elwan. 1986. A taxonomic study of Liliaceae sensu lato: I. Numerical analysis. Phytologia 60: 201–213. Badawi, A. and Z. Elwan. 1986b. A taxonomic study of Liliaceae sensu lato: II. Evaluation of Engler’s subfamilies. Phytologia 60: 214–221. Barnard, C. 1960. Floral histogenesis in the monocotyledons. IV. The Liliaceae. Austral. J. Bot. 8: 213–225. Bayer, E. 1998. Alstroemeriaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin, etc. Vol. 3, pp. 79–83. Chase, M. W., P. J. Rudall, and J. G. Conran. 1996. New circumscriptions and a new family of asparagoid lilies: Genera formerly included in Anthericaceae. Kew Bull. 51: 667–680. Cheadle, V. I. and H. Kosakai. 1971. Vessels in Liliaceae. Phytomorphology 21: 320–333. Clifford, H. T., R. J. F. Henderson, and J. G. Conran. 1998. Hemerocallidaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin, etc. Vol. 3, pp. 245–253. Conran, J. G. 1998. Anthericaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin, etc. Vol. 3, pp. 114–121. Conran, J. G. and M. N. Tamura. 1998. Convallariaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin, etc. Vol. 3, pp. 186–198. Fay, M. F. and M. W. Chase. 1996. Resurrection of Themidaceae for the Brodiaea alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Agapanthoideae. Taxon 45: 441–451. Fay, M. F. and M. W. Chase. 2000. Modern concepts of Liliaceae with a focus on the relationships of Fritillaria. Bot. Mag., [n. s.] 17: 146–149. Fuse, S. and M. N. Tamura. 2000. A phylogenetic analysis of the plastid matK gene with emphasis on Melanthiaceae sensu lato. Pl. Biol. 2: 415–427. Gates, R. R. 1918. A systematic study of the North American Melanthaceae from a genetic standpoint. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 44: 131–172. Ito, M. et al. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Amaryllidaceae based on matK sequence data. J. Pl. Res. 112: 207–216. Johnson, R. G. 1969. A Taxonomic and Floristic Study of the Liliaceae and Allied Families in the Southeastern United States. Ph.D. dissertation. West Virginia University. Judd, W. S. 1997. The Asphodelaceae in the southeastern United States. Harvard Pap. Bot. 2: 109–123. Judd, W. S. 2001. The Asparagaceae in the southeastern United States. Harvard Pap. Bot. 6: 223–244. Kato, H. et al. 1995b. Molecular systematics of the Trilliaceae sensu lato as inferred from rbcL sequence data. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 4: 184–193. Komar, G. A. 1983. Morphology of Liliaceae ovules. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 68: 417–427. Kosenko, V. N. 1987. Pollen morphology in Tofieldieae, Narthecieae, Melanthieae, Xerophylleae (Melanthiaceae). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 72: 1318–1330. Kosenko, V. N. 1988. Pollen morphology in Chionographideae, Uvularieae, Tricyrtideae, Scoliopeae, Anguillarieae, Iphigenieae, Glorioseae, Colchiceae (Melanthiaceae). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 73: 172–185. Kosenko, V. N. 1991. Palynomorphology of the family Liliaceae s. str. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 1696–1710. Kubitzki, K. 1998b. Hostaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin, etc. Vol. 3, pp. 256–260. Kubitzki, K. and P. J. Rudall. 1998. Asparagaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes vines in Asparagus, perennial, mostly geophytic, scapose or caulescent, sometimes woody, from elongate, sometimes tuberous rhizomes, or from scaly or tunicate bulbs, or from solid corms. Leaves only rarely persistent, simple, basal and/or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, herbaceous (scalelike in Asparagus), sometimes sheathing; blade typically narrow and parallel-veined, occasionally broad and/or reticulate-veined. Inflorescences racemose, spicate, paniculate, cymose, umbellate, or with flowers single or paired in leaf axils; bracts 1–several, sometimes involucrate or sheathing, or bracts absent. Flowers usually bisexual, sometimes bisexual and unisexual, or unisexual only, usually pedicellate, occasionally sessile; perianth actinomorphic or zygomorphic, often very showy; tepals 6, distinct or less often connate proximally forming tube that may also bear a corona, usually petaloid and ± equal in 2 whorls of 3, or those of outer whorl narrower, greener, more sepaloid; tepal nectaries often present; stamens 6, rarely 3 or 4, sometimes 3 fertile and 3 staminodial, free or adnate to perianth; filaments slender to dilated, occasionally connate-coroniform and/or with bases dilated to form wings; anthers basifixed with latrorse dehiscence or dorsifixed, versatile, and with introse or extrorse dehiscence, cordate to linear; ovary superior to inferior, (2–)3(–4)-locular, often with septal nectaries, ovules usually several or many per locule; styles 1 or 3(–4); stigmas several and distinct or 1 and capitate. Fruits capsular and loculicidal or septicidal, membranaceous to leathery, or baccate, or dry and indehiscent. Seeds 1–many, often flat and wind-distributed, sometimes thicker and with fleshy elaiosomes. x = 3–27+.

Perianth mostly corolla-like, with or without a tube; segments usually 6, rarely 4 or more, in 2 similar series, imbricate or the outer valvate Stamens usually 6, hypogynous or adnate to and always opposite to the perianth segments; filaments usually free; anthers 2-celled, usually opening by a slit lengthwise Herbs, mostly perennial, or rarely soft-wooded shrubs; roots from a rhizome, corm or bulb, or tuberous; stem erect or climbing, leafy or scapose Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, sometimes large and showy, never in umbels Seeds with copious endosperm Fruit a capsule or berry Ovary superior, mostly 3-locular with axile placentas, or rarely 1-locular with parietal placentas; style entire or divided, rarely styles free Ovules usually numerous and mostly 2-seriate in each loculus Stamens usually 6, hypogynous or adnate to and always opposite to the perianth segments; filaments usually free; anthers 2-celled, usually opening by a slit lengthwise Herbs, mostly perennial, or rarely soft-wooded shrubs; roots from a rhizome, corm or bulb, or tuberous; stem erect or climbing, leafy or scapose Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, sometimes large and showy, never in umbels Seeds with copious endosperm Fruit a capsule or berry Ovary superior, mostly 3-locular with axile placentas, or rarely 1-locular with parietal placentas; style entire or divided, rarely styles free Ovules usually numerous and mostly 2-seriate in each loculus

Fls mostly perfect and regular, (2)3(4)-merous; tep in 2 usually similar and petaloid cycles, often very showy, occasionally (as in Trillium) the outer set narrower, greener, and more sepaloid; all tep distinct, or less often all joined below to form a perianth-tube that may also bear a corona; stamens free or adnate to the perianth, usually as many as the tep; ovary superior to inferior, often with septal nectaries, with mostly several or many ovules in each locule, the placentation axile; fr usually capsular, less often a berry or dry and indehiscent; embryo ± linear, with a terminal cotyledon, centrally embedded in the usually very hard, non starchy endosperm; perennial, mostly geophytic herbs from a rhizome, bulb, or corm; lvs simple, typically narrow and parallel-veined, but varying to broad and net-veined (as in Trillium), often all basal, only rarely (as in Xerophyllum) persistent throughout the year. 280/nearly 4000, cosmop. (Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Convallariaceae, Funkiaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Melanthiaceae, Trilliaceae, Uvulariaceae). The key is largely artificial and is intended only for our spp.

Herbs perennial, with a rhizome, bulb, or corm, rarely shrubby or treelike. Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, parallel or rarely reticulate veined. Inflorescence a raceme, panicle, spike, umbel, reduced panicle, or other, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; bracts present or absent; bracteoles present or absent. Perianth usually corollalike, 6-merous, rarely 4- or 8-merous, in 2 whorls; segments free (tepals) or united. Stamens 6, rarely 3, 4, or 8, inserted opposite perianth segments; filaments free or adnate to perianth, rarely connate into a corona; anthers usually 2-loculed, basifixed or dorsifixed and versatile, introrse, latrorse, or extrorse, dehiscing usually by vertical slits. Carpels usually connate for most or all of their length, rarely only at base; ovary superior, rarely semi-inferior, 3-loculed, rarely 2- or 4-loculed, with axile placentae, or rarely 1-loculed with a parietal placenta; ovules usually anatropous. Nectaries septal, perigonal, or absent. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds with abundant endosperm and small embryo.

Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic or occasionally weakly zygomorphic Inflorescence a terminal raceme, sometimes umbel-like, or a single terminal flower, bracts subtending flowers absent or present and leaf-like Stamens in 2 series of 3; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits Perianth segments 6 in 2 whorls, free to base, usually brightly coloured, often with contrasting basal nectaries Leaves basal or cauline, sometimes petiolate, 1- many, alternate or verticillate, linear to ovate-lanceolate, bases sometimes sheathing, veins parallel Erect perennial geophytes; bulbs formed of 1 to many scales attached to reduced stem, tunicate or not Fruit a loculicidal capsule with numerous seeds Ovary superior, trilocular, with numerous ovules per locule; style solitary, erect, short to long; stigma capitate to 3-lobed Seeds flattened, discoid to ellipsoidal Inflorescence a terminal raceme, sometimes umbel-like, or a single terminal flower, bracts subtending flowers absent or present and leaf-like Stamens in 2 series of 3; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits Perianth segments 6 in 2 whorls, free to base, usually brightly coloured, often with contrasting basal nectaries Leaves basal or cauline, sometimes petiolate, 1- many, alternate or verticillate, linear to ovate-lanceolate, bases sometimes sheathing, veins parallel Erect perennial geophytes; bulbs formed of 1 to many scales attached to reduced stem, tunicate or not Fruit a loculicidal capsule with numerous seeds Ovary superior, trilocular, with numerous ovules per locule; style solitary, erect, short to long; stigma capitate to 3-lobed Seeds flattened, discoid to ellipsoidal