The World Flora Online

SELECTED REFERENCES

Argue, C. L. 1974. Pollen studies in the Alismataceae (Alismaceae). Bot. Gaz. 135: 338--344. Argue, C. L. 1976. Pollen studies in the Alismataceae with special reference to taxonomy. Pollen & Spores 18: 161--173. Beal, E. O. 1960b. The Alismataceae of the Carolinas. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 76: 68--79. Charlton, W. A. 1973. Studies in the Alismataceae. II. Inflorescences of Alismataceae. Canad. J. Bot. 51: 775--789. Correll, D. S. and H. B. Correll. 1972. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southwestern United States. Washington. Godfrey, R. K. and J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States: Monocotyledons. Athens, Ga. Haynes, R. R. and L. B. Holm-Nielsen. 1985. A generic treatment of Alismatidae in the Neotropics. Acta Amazôn. 15(suppl.): 153--193. Haynes, R. R. and L. B. Holm-Nielsen. 1994. The Alismataceae. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica. 1968+. Flora Neotropica. 75+ nos. New York. No. 64, pp. 1--112. Rogers, G. K. 1983. The genera of Alismataceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 387--424.

Herbs, annual or perennial, rhizomatous, stoloniferous, or cormose, caulescent, glabrous to stellate-pubescent; sap milky. Roots septate or not septate. Leaves basal, submersed, floating, or emersed, sessile or petiolate, sheathing proximally; blade with translucent markings of dots or lines present or absent, basal lobes present or absent; venation reticulate, primary veins parallel from base of blade to apex, secondary veins reticulate. Inflorescences scapose racemes or panicles, rarely umbels, erect, rarely floating or decumbent, whorled (forming racemes) or whorls branching (forming panicles), bracteolate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, if unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different plants, hypogynous, subsessile to long-pedicellate; sepals persistent, 3; petals deciduous, 3, delicate; stamens 0, 6, 9, or to 30, distinct; anthers 2-loculed, dehiscing longitudinally; pistils 0 or 6--1500 or more, distinct or coherent proximally, 1-loculed; placentation basal; ovules1--2. Fruits achenes or follicles. Seeds: embryo U-shaped; endosperm absent in mature seed.

Herbes aquatiques ou palustres, souvent vivaces et stolonifères, parfois annuelles, lactifères. Feuilles le plus souvent en rosette basale, dressées, flottantes ou submergées, souvent hétéromorphes; pétiole à base étalée en gaine ouverte; limbe entier, terminé par un pore aquifère, nervation souvent tesselée. Inflorescences simples ou composées, comportant des verticilles de rameaux florifères ou de fleurs, parfois en fausses ombelles ou réduites à une seule fleur (Ranalisma). Fleurs pédicellées ou sessiles, actinomorphes, hermaphrodites ou polygames, parfois unisexuées; sépales 3, persistants; pétales 3 ou parfois absents, caducs; étamines 3, 6, 9 ou plus, libres, anthères basifixes ou versatiles, extrorses, à déhiscence longitudinale latérale; carpelles (2-)6-∞, supères, à insertion spiralée ou verticillée, libres ou rarement ± connés à la base, 1-loculaires, à 1(-2) ou rarement plusieurs ovules; style terminal ou latéral. Fruits: akènes, rarement folliculiformes. Graines oblongues ou en fer à cheval, exalbuminées; cotylédons en fer à cheval.

Plantes'herbacées, vivaces, parfois stolonifères, rarement annuelles, aquatiques ou palustres, à canaux laticifères siphonés; rhizome très court, parfois tubéreux; racines fasciculées.'Feuilles'le plus souvent en rosette basilaire, dressées, flottantes ou submergées, souvent hétéromorphes, parfois réduites à des phyllodes; pétiole ordinairement allongé, à base étalée en gaine ouverte; limbe entier, sagitté, linéaire-lancéolé, ovale ou même suborbiculaire, terminé par un pore aquifère, sans fibres spiralées. Hampes ordinairement dressées.'Inflorescences'simples ou composées, comportant des verticilles de rameaux florifères ou de fleurs, parfois en fausses ombelles, parfois réduites à une seule fleur ( Ranalisma ) ; bractées 2 ou 3, à la base de chaque verticille, parfois accompagnées de bractéoles.'Fleurs'pédicellées ou sessiles, actinomorphes, parfois ± acycliques, hermaphrodites ou polygames, parfois unisexuées; réceptacle convexe, oblong ou aplati; sépales 3, persistants; pétales 3, délicats et caducs, parfois absents; étamines 3, 6, 9 ou plus nombreuses, hypogynes ou légèrement périgynes, libres; filets filiformes ou aplatis; anthères basifixes ou versatiles, 2-loculaires, à déhiscence longitudinale latérale; carpelles (2-3-)6-∞, supères, à insertion spiralée ou cyclique, libres ou ± connés à la base, 1-loculaires; ovules 1, 2 ou plusieurs, basilaires ou insérés sur la suture des carpelles, apotropes ou parfois épitropes, anatropes ou campylotropes, bitégumentés; style terminal ou ventral, persistant.'Fruits': akènes, parfois pseudo-3-loculaires par formation de 2 chambres aérifères latérales ( Limnophyton ), parfois folliculiformes ( Damasonium ).'Graines oblongues ou en forme de fer à cheval, à tégument lisse ou marqué de crêtes ou de rugosités, exalbuminées; embryon courbé en forme de fer à cheval.\n\t\t\tFamille comptant 13 genres et environ 90 espèces des régions chaudes et tempérées. Pour la Flore : 6 genres et 8 espèces.

Seeds curved, with horseshoe-shaped embryo; endosperm none Torus flat to globose Flowers often whorled, racemose or paniculate, bisexual or rarely polygamous, actinomorphic Perennial or annual marsh or aquatic herbs, erect, or rarely with floating leaves; leaves basal, with elongated petioles sheathing but open at the base and linear-lanceolate to ovate-rounded often sagittate blades, the principal nerves parallel with the margins and converging at the apex of the blade, the transverse nerves often close and parallel Fruit a bunch or whorl of achenes, rarely dehiscing at the base Carpels free or rarely united at the base, sometimes in a single whorl; style persistent; ovules solitary or several, basal or on the inner angle Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, rarely 3, free; anthers 2-locular, extrorse Perianth 2-seriate, the outer 3 imbricate, persistent, green and sepal-like, the inner 3 petaloid, imbricate and deciduous or rarely absent Torus flat to globose Flowers often whorled, racemose or paniculate, bisexual or rarely polygamous, actinomorphic Perennial or annual marsh or aquatic herbs, erect, or rarely with floating leaves; leaves basal, with elongated petioles sheathing but open at the base and linear-lanceolate to ovate-rounded often sagittate blades, the principal nerves parallel with the margins and converging at the apex of the blade, the transverse nerves often close and parallel Fruit a bunch or whorl of achenes, rarely dehiscing at the base Carpels free or rarely united at the base, sometimes in a single whorl; style persistent; ovules solitary or several, basal or on the inner angle Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, rarely 3, free; anthers 2-locular, extrorse Perianth 2-seriate, the outer 3 imbricate, persistent, green and sepal-like, the inner 3 petaloid, imbricate and deciduous or rarely absent

Fls axillary to bracts, hypogynous, regular, perfect or unisexual; sep 3, green; pet 3, white (pink), deciduous; stamens (3)6–many; anthers extrorse; pollen mostly pantoporate; pistils 3–28 in a single cycle, or ± numerous in an apparent spiral, each with a terminal or basilateral style and often with a decurrent stigma; ovule solitary, ventral-basal; fruit mostly of achenes; endosperm wanting; embryo horseshoe-shaped, with a terminal cotyledon and lateral plumule; rhizomatous perennial herbs, aquatic or of marshes; lvs all basal, with an open petiolar sheath and usually a fairly broad blade with an acrodromous or campylodromous variant of parallel venation, or the blade suppressed and the petiole flattened and parallel-veined or terete; scape ending in a terminal infl with the pedicels or primary branches commonly ternate. 12/75.

Herbs, perennial or rarely annual, aquatic or of marshes, sometimes rhizomatous. Leaves basal, linear, lanceolate, elliptic to ovate or orbicular, or sagittate, with elongated sheathing petioles; principal veins parallel with margins and converging toward apex and connected by transverse veins. Flowers often whorled at nodes of scape forming racemes, panicles, or umbels, pedicellate, actinomorphic, bisexual, unisexual, or polygamous, usually bracteate. Sepals 3, persistent, green. Petals 3, deciduous, usually white, sometimes yellowish. Stamens 3 to numerous, whorled, with elongated filaments; anthers 2-celled, extrorse, opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 3 to numerous, whorled or spirally arranged, free; ovules 1 to several; style persistent. Fruit a cluster or whorl of laterally compressed achenes, drupelets, or occasionally follicles. Seeds curved, with a horseshoe-shaped embryo; endosperm absent.

Petals 3, deciduous, rarely 0 Stamens 3, 6, 9 or more; filaments filiform or flattened; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally and laterally Flowers regular, bisexual or unisexual Sepals 3, persistent, herbaceous Leaves erect, rarely floating or submerged, basal; petiole with an expanded, sheathing base; leaf-blade entire, linear-lanceolate to ovate, with a decurrent to sagittate base, acute to rounded apex Inflorescence compound or simple, of whorls of branches or flowers, rarely pseudo-umbellate or with solitary flowers; bracts 2 or 3 at the base of each whorl, and sometimes several bracteoles Perennial, rarely annual, aquatic, swamp or marsh herbs, lactiferous Rhizome very short; roots short, fibrous Carpels superior, free or joined at the base, 3–?, in a whorl or spiral, unilocular; style terminal or ventral; ovules 1, 2 or many, basal and erect, or situated on the ventral suture Fruit indehiscent Seeds oblong, indented laterally to follow the form of the horseshoe-shaped embryo, smooth, wrinkled or ridged, without endosperm Stamens 3, 6, 9 or more; filaments filiform or flattened; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally and laterally Flowers regular, bisexual or unisexual Sepals 3, persistent, herbaceous Leaves erect, rarely floating or submerged, basal; petiole with an expanded, sheathing base; leaf-blade entire, linear-lanceolate to ovate, with a decurrent to sagittate base, acute to rounded apex Inflorescence compound or simple, of whorls of branches or flowers, rarely pseudo-umbellate or with solitary flowers; bracts 2 or 3 at the base of each whorl, and sometimes several bracteoles Perennial, rarely annual, aquatic, swamp or marsh herbs, lactiferous Rhizome very short; roots short, fibrous Carpels superior, free or joined at the base, 3–?, in a whorl or spiral, unilocular; style terminal or ventral; ovules 1, 2 or many, basal and erect, or situated on the ventral suture Fruit indehiscent Seeds oblong, indented laterally to follow the form of the horseshoe-shaped embryo, smooth, wrinkled or ridged, without endosperm