The World Flora Online

Plants small to large, in tufts, mats, or sods, light to dark green or yellowish, sometimes reddish or glaucous, reddish brown proximally. Stems 1-16(-20) cm, erect, simple, irregularly branched, or with a subfloral whorl of innovations, tomentose proximally. Leaves (with distalmost rarely spiraled around stem), stiffly erect to erect or erect-spreading, less commonly catenulate, erect to erect-spreading when dry, erect to spreading or occasionally secund when moist, lanceolate to broadly ovate-lanceolate or ovate-subulate, 0.6-3 mm; margins revolute, serrulate throughout, teeth paired, appearing 2-fid due to their apposing position from contiguous cells, sometimes margins plane, teeth unpaired; apex gradually to abruptly acute to acuminate, sometimes obtuse; costa short- to long-excurrent (often subpercurrent in obtuse leaves), <320 µm wide at base>, distal abaxial surface smooth or weakly prorulose; laminal cells prorulose at proximal ends on abaxial side and at proximal and distal ends on adaxial side; basal cells rectangular to oblong-hexagonal, 15-30 × 5-8 µm; ; distal cells linear to oblong-linear, 15-40 × 3-5 µm. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia discoid. Seta 2-5(-7) cm, straight. Capsule 1-3.5 mm. Spores ovoid to reniform, 18-30 µm.

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Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2: 18. 1827.

Mnium fontanum Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 195. 1801. Bartramia fontana (Hedw.) Turn., Muscol. Hibern. Spic. 107. 1804. Protologue: Locis paludosis apertis spongiosis. Maio et Junio sporangia maturat. Perenne.

Plants medium to large-sized,  in dense yellowish green or green, glossy tufts, to 80 mm high. Stems red, densely tomentose below; rhizoids reddish brown, smooth. Leaves 1.4–2.1 mm long, moderately spaced, erect to erect-spreading when dry, erect-spreading when wet, straight or secund, ovate-lanceolate; apices slenderly long-acuminate; margins narrowly revolute, jugate, singly or doubly serrate; costa long-excurrent; cells papillose, papillae at lower cell ends on median and basal cells, papillae at upper cell ends on apical cells, upper cells sublinear, rectangular or oblong, firm‑walled, 12–38 x 5–7 μm, basal cells rectangular to subquadrate, 12–30 x 5–8 μm, alar cells quadrate in 2–3 rows. Microphyllous branches sometimes present in leaf axils. Dioicous. Perigonia discoid. Setae straight, 2–4 cm long. Capsules inclined, 2–4 mm long, ovoid to subglobose, furrowed when dry, striate when wet; exothecial cells short, thick-walled; opercula conic, 0.3–0.5 mm long; peristome double, exostome teeth narrowly triangular, to 500 μm, outer surface finely papillose below, coarsely papillose near tips, trabeculae thin, inner surface smooth, trabeculae thick, endostome nearly as long as the exostome, yellowish, finely papillose granulose below, segments split along the median line and each half diverging toward the cilia, cilia 3–4, well-developed. Spores ovoid or subreniform, 20–30 μm, coarsely papillose. [Sporophytes and gametangia unknown in Central America, description based on North American material.]

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Plants of variable size (2-10 cm high), in loose or dense, green, yellow-green, or red-tinged tufts, erect, simple or sparsely branched when sterile, otherwise with subfloral whorls of branches. Leaves of sterile and female plants erect-spreading, straight or falcate-secund (on male plants erect-appressed), 1-2 mm long, ovate-lanceolate; margins revolute in the lower half, serrate in the upper 1/2, with teeth single or paired; costa excurrent; upper cells oblong to sublinear, thick-walled, up to 40 µm long, 3-5 µm wide, papillose at the lower ends; basal cells laxer, up to 10 µm wide, with larger papillae, those at the insertion often large and ± inflated. Dioicous. Perigonia discoid. Setae straight, 2-4-cm long; capsules cernuous, 2-3 mm long, ovoid to subglobose, furrowed when dry; operculum conic; exostome teeth lanceolate, finely papillose below, coarsely papillose near the tips, 450-550 µm high; endostome segments nearly as long as the exostome, keeled, yellowish, granulose below, coarsely papillose near the tips, the ciha well developed. Spores ovoid or subreniform, 20-30 µm papillose. (Sporophytes not seen in Mexican material.)

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On moist or wet soil and rocks at middle to upper elevations; Baja California, Chihuahua, Durango, Mexico, Sonora, Veracruz.-Nearly cosmopolitan.

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